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One of Galileo Galilei's (1564-1642) most well known accomplishments in physics is his work in the field of bodies in motion. In the 1630s, he showed that all freely falling bodies have the same constant acceleration.
Building on Galileo's work on objects in motion, Isaac Newton (1643-1727) established the three Laws of Motion as well as the Law of Universal Gravitation in 1687.One of his most revolutionary ideas was that the motion of objects in the heavens are subject to the same set of physical laws as the motion of objects on Earth.
Michael Faraday (1791-1867) is known for his work in magnetism and electricity. In 1831, he discovered electromagnetic induction and in 1839, he proposed that there is an underlying relationship between electricity and magnetism.
In 1864, James Clerk Maxwell (1831-1879) published his theory of electromagnetism, which showed that electricity, magnetism and light are all manifestations of the same phenomenon: the electromagnetic field.


In 1895, Wilhelm Röntgen (1845-1923) became the first physicist to produce and detect electromagnetic radiation in a wavelength range that today we know as X-rays.
In 1896, Marie Curie (1867-1934) aided in the discovery of radioactivity (which was found by investigating properties of X-rays) and introduced techniques for isolating isotopes. She and her husband Pierre Curie discovered the radioactive elements radium and polonium.
In 1897, J. J. Thomson (1856-1940) discovered the electron. It was the first subatomic particle ever discovered.
In 1905, Albert Einstein (1879-1955) published a paper on special relativity, which states that the speed of light is always constant, and at the speed of light, time stands still and mass is infinite.In 1916, he published his general theory of relativity, a fundamental theory of the nature of space, time, and gravitation which states that gravity is an effect of the curving of space and time.


In 1911, Ernest Rutherford (1871-1937) demonstrated that the nuclei of atoms house most of their masses. In 1920, he discovered the proton.
Neils Bohr (1885-1962) is known for formulating the theory of atomic structure in 1913. Bohr figured out that an atom has a nucleus at the centre with electrons orbiting around it. He also played a key role in the birth of quantum mechanics.
Wolfgang Pauli (1900-1958) is well known for his work on spin theory and quantum theory, as well as his discovery of the 1925 Pauli exclusion principle which is key to understanding properties of stars and nebulas.In 1931, he predicted the existence of neutrinos, weakly interacting particles that zip through the Universe at nearly the speed of light.
In 1926, Erwin Schrödinger (1887-1961) came up with what is considered the central equation of quantum physics, which describes wave mechanics. In 1935, he came up with 'Schrödinger's Cat', one of the most famous thought experiments in history.It involves a cat trapped in a box, with a 50/50 chance of being alive or dead. Schrödinger concluded that until you can figure it out for sure, the cat is both alive and dead, existing in what's known as a superposition of states.


In 1928, Paul Dirac (1902-1984) predicted the existence of antimatter, which are particles which have an equal but opposite electric charge to their counterparts, like the positron (or antielectron).
Werner Heisenberg (1901-1976) is best known for his 1927 uncertainty principle, which places fundamental limitations on the accuracy of experimental measurements in quantum mechanics.
Enrico Fermi (1901-1954) is famous for his work on the first nuclear reactor as part of the Manhattan project. He also made major contributions to quantum theory, as well as nuclear and particle physics.
 J. Robert Oppenheimer (1904-1967) is best known for his work on the Manhattan Project, directing the production of the first atomic bombs.


Richard Feynman (1918-1988) is famous for his contributions to the theory of quantum electrodynamics, which blends special relativity and quantum mechanics to search for a better understanding of the Universe.
Johannes Kepler (27 December 1571 - 15 November 1630) was a German astronomer, mathematician, astrologer, natural philosopher and writer on music. He is a key figure in the 17th-century Scientific Revolution, best known for his laws of planetary motion, and his books Astronomia nova, Harmonice Mundi, and Epitome Astronomiae Copernicanae, influencing among others Isaac Newton, providing one of the foundations for his theory of universal gravitation.
In 1961, Murray Gell-Mann (b. 1929) proposed the eightfold way of classifying subatomic particles, and in 1964, he proposed the quark hypothesis, which states that protons, neutrons, and other hadrons are actually made up of even tinier particles called quarks.
 Although Vera Rubin (born 1928) is actually an astronomer, her studies of galaxy rotation led her to the first real evidence that 84 percent of the Universe is made up of mysterious, invisible particles of dark matter.The search for these particles has revolutionised the fields of particle physics and astrophysics.


Quantum physics, a term considered interchangeable with "quantum mechanics," deals with matter and energy at the smallest scale available: the atomic and subatomic realms.
All matter is made of tiny atoms. Yet the atoms themselves are made of protons, neutrons and electrons. Even protons and neutrons seem to be made of smaller particles called quarks. Like these dolls, even the tiniest things seem to contain smaller parts.
This grim-looking man is theoretical physicist Max Planck, the original architect of quantum theory. In 1918, he won the Nobel Prize in Physics for his contribution to our understanding of the smallest known components of matter and energy.
Are these beams of light over the sky made of particles or waves? The true physical nature of light had been debated for years. Planck and others showed that not only light but all matter exhibited properties of both a particle and a wave.


This is Niels Bohr, who, along with Werner Heisenberg, authored the "Copenhagen Interpretation" of quantum physics. This document gave us Heisenberg's uncertainty principle, which claimed that an observer always changes a thing by observing it.
A recent development in quantum physics is called "string theory," which posits the existence of tiny, one-dimensional strings that are the ultimate basis for all matter.
Early on, we believed that electrons orbited the nuclei of atoms in discrete pathways, like planets orbit the sun. We now think of electrons existing in a probabilistic "cloud" of possible locations at any given time.
Humans are always looking for new ways to keep secrets. This World War II coding machine is now obsolete. Some believe that new encoding techniques based on quantum mechanics can make our current cryptographic technologies equally obsolete.









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